The Concept And History Of Romanticism.
Romanticism (fr. romantisme from an armour; romanum Roman from Roma — Rome) — one of two, along with Classicism, basic tendencies of art thinking. However, it has historically developed that this word began to name a wide range of the most different phenomena. In the end of eighteenth century as a romantic named all unusual, fantastic, everything what occurs “as in novels”. The romantic, raised poetry was considered then is unique a worthy art form. But there was also other interpretation of the term: romantic is an art of the Romance people, mainly medieval, which was opposed to classical, antique. The French word “roman” originally meant the literary works written not in classical Latin, and on vulgar, national adverbs. Therefore as romantic art at first understood Middle Ages art, including the Renaissance, which was not allocated during a special epoch. The modern name “novel” — a drama for reading, more often a love story, the composition and which style deviate classical rules.
Romanticism comprehension is connected with an origin of words “novel”, “romance” as properties of human soul. The concept of romance is wider than romanticism. Romantic feelings, dreams, a romantic act is always something ennobled, noble, disinterested, not connected with any calculation and consequently enthusiastic, torn off from a reality and directed to a certain foggy, unrealizable ideal.
Many consider that the Romanticism as an art direction was issued for the first time in English painting in the middle of eighteenth century partly under the influence of an aesthetics of Classicism and landscape style of English gardens. In 1790th years the innovation of picturesque technics of T. Gainsborough has begun a current of picturesque art. This term designated painting of novelists K. Lorren, N. Poussin, S. Rose, and then and the landscape writers, such as U. Turner. An English landscape, as well as English landscape style in park art, — the typical Romanticism reflecting aspiration to natural, spontaneous sensation of beauty in the nature. After England the Romanticism was extended in Germany, but there it has got more mystical coloring at once.
The ideological essence of Romanticism consists in the direct reference to a human soul, passing historical styles and canons of the academic Classicism. Ideas of romanticism naturally arise because of a dissatisfaction with the validity, crisis of ideals of Classicism and rationalistic thinking, aspiration to leave in the world of ideal representations, utopian dreams about perfection of the world. As in any other direction of art, artists-romanticists are convinced that their direction — is unique a right way.
The main idea of romantic art thinking is the aspiration to irrational, not learnt things. Therefore and an epoch of Romanticism of the end of eighteenth — the beginnings of nineteenth centuries – time of the most effective display of the romantic art thinking only partly caused by crisis of the academic Classicism, and, in deeper sense, — result periodic changes from one pole to another, from materialism to idealism, from rational thinking to mystical sensation of a reality. In this value all medieval art: early Christian, Byzantine, Romance, Gothic — typical Romanticism!
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